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Caroline test
The ''Caroline ''test is a 19th-century formulation of customary international law, reaffirmed by the Nuremberg Tribunal after World War II, which said that the necessity for preemptive self-defense must be "instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation." The test takes its name from the ''Caroline'' affair.
==Historical background==
In 1837, settlers in Upper Canada rebelled against the British colonial government. The United States remained officially neutral about the rebellion, but American sympathizers assisted the rebels with men and supplies, transported by a steamboat named the ''Caroline''. In response, a British force from Canada entered United States territory at night, seized the ''Caroline'', set the ship on fire, and sent it over Niagara Falls. At least one American was killed.〔Nichols, Thomas (2008). ''The Coming Age of Preventive War''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8122-4066-5〕 The British claimed that the attack was an act of self-defense. In a letter to the British Ambassador, Secretary of State Daniel Webster argued that a self-defense claimant would have to show that the:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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